Background Technology-based interventions, such as electrical brain Stimulation may be effective in the cognitive and personality processes of substance abusers, including nicotine dependents. Objective We conducted this study to investigate the effectiveness of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) using alpha frequency on inhibitory control and impulsivity in nicotine-dependent individuals. Methods We used a pre-test/post-test/follow-up quasi-experimental design with control and sham groups. We selected 30 eligible nicotine addicts from Mashhad using the available sampling method and randomly divided the subjects into three groups. We applied the intervention in eight sessions for 20 minutes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the first group, fake interventions for the second group, and no intervention for the third group. The Fagerströ, m questionnaire, Barrett impulsivity questionnaire, and go-no-go task were used to collect data. After eight sessions, people’, s inhibitory control and impulsivity were evaluated and analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Also, after two months, we evaluated inhibitory control data with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results The effectiveness of alpha-tACS intervention on short-and long-term inhibitory control was significantly different in the experimental group compared to other groups (P=0. 001). There was no significant difference between these three groups in impulsivity (P=0. 700). Conclusion Alpha-tACS intervention effectively increases inhibitory control in nicotine-dependent individuals but does not explicitly affect their impulsivity.

Background and aim: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is very common in athletes. This study aims to investigate the impact of Transcranial electrical Stimulation of Alternating Current on response inhibition and selective attention in athletes with ADHD.  Materials and methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design with the control group. The statistical population was 160 elite athletes with ADHD aged 9 to 11 years (60 girls and 100 boys). Of these, 120 athletes with ADHD were randomly selected and assigned to three groups of 40: control, sham, and tACS. First, a pretest was done, and then all subjects in the sham and experimental groups received F3(Anodal) and F4(Cathodic) fake and real Stimulations, respectively, with a Current of 1 mA (10 Hz) for 15 minutes in 10 sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention, then each group was re-examined. A follow-up test was done after two weeks. The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Stroop were used in this study. For data analysis, Mixed Anova, one-way ANOVA, and Benferroni's post hoc test were used with using Spss version 21 statistical software (p≤0. 05). Ethical considerations: This study is approved sport sciences Reserch Institute with ethical registration code IR. SSRI. REC. 1401. 1361. Parents gave written informed consent form. Results: The results showed that tACS was effective in the response inhibition and selective attention of athletes with ADHD and led to the improvement of response inhibition and selective attention of these subjects. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the tACS protocol of 1 mA can be used as an effective treatment to improve inhibition and selective attention of athletes with ADHD.

Background: Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive method that offers a potential solution to reduce the effects of aging on brain function. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of offline tACS over the supplementary motor area on bimanual coordination in elderly people. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one women aged of 60-75 years were selected as convenience. They were assigned to 2 conditions: tACS and Sham, in random order, with one-week interval between conditions. After pre-test, each participant completed four trials of 5 min using Purdue pegboard task. ConCurrently, participants received beta tACS with a Current intensity of 1 mA. Immediate retention test, transfer test, and delayed retention tests after 48 hours and 1 week were conducted. A 2(condition) x 4(test) ANOVA with repeated measures was performed on gain scores. Results: The main effects of condition and test were significant (P<0. 0001). The Bonferroni tests revealed the significant improvement of bimanual coordination in the tACS condition compared to the sham condition in all retention and transfer tests (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The findings highlights the potential use of offline beta tACS over the SMA as a modulatory factor for enhancing bimanual coordination in the elderly women.

Background & Aims: This main aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) on attention in students with specific learning disorder. Materials & Methods: : Twenty students of elementary school with specific learning disorders were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly divided into two groups, the experimental and control groups (10 in each group). At first, the subjects' selective attention was evaluated by Stroop task. Then in the experimental group two anodal electrodes were simultaneously placed over the F3 and P3, whilst cathedral electrode was placed over the FP2, the according to the International 10/20 system. An alternative electrical Current at 10 Hz (Alpha wave) was delivered at 1 mA intensity for 20 min. The same protocol was used for the control group, except that they received Stimulation for only 30 s. At the end, the Stroop test was again administrated. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance method. Results: The findings showed that alpha-wave-induced Transcranial Stimulation could have a positive and significant effect on the accuracy and response time of students with specific learning disorder. Conclusion: : The results of this study indicated that Transcranial Stimulation with alpha wave in the F3-P3 region of students with learning disorder can be effective in improving their attention and improve their careful function. Therefore, this method can be used as a non-pharmacological method to improve the function of these individuals.

During the past 20 years, non-invasive brain Stimulation has become an emerging field in clinical neuroscience due to its capability to transiently modulate corticospinal excitability, motor and cognitive functions. Whereas Transcranial magnetic Stimulation has been used extensively since more than two decades ago as a potential “neuromodulator”, Transcranial Current Stimulation (tCS) has more recently gathered increased scientific interests. The primary aim of this narrative review is to describe characteristics of different tCS paradigms. tCS is an umbrella term for a number of brain modulating paradigms such as Transcranial direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Transcranial alternative Current Stimulation (tACS), and Transcranial random noise Stimulation (tRNS). Their efficacy is dependent on two Current parameters: intensity and length of application. Unlike tACS and tRNS, tDCS is polarity dependent.These techniques could be used as stand-alone techniques or can be used to prime the effects of other movement trainings.The review also summarises safety issues, the mechanisms of tDCS-induced neuroplasticity, limitations of Current state of knowledge in the literature, tool that could be used to understand brain plasticity effects in motor regions and tool that could be used to understand motor learning effects.